Hardeo Sahai
University of Puerto Rico
Anwer Khurshid
University of Exeter, U.K.
and University of Karachi, Pakistan
Satish Chandra Misra
U.S. Food and Drug Administration
and The American University, Washington, DC
Journal of Statistics Education v.4, n.3 (1996)
Copyright (c) 1996 by Hardeo Sahai, Anwer Khurshid, and Satish Chandra Misra, all rights reserved. This text may be freely shared among individuals, but it may not be republished in any medium without express written consent from the authors and advance notification of the editor.
Key Words: Learning; Literature on teaching statistics.
This article presents an extensive collection of references on the teaching of probability and statistics. The bibliography includes articles published in statistical and subject-matter journals and in conference proceedings.
1 This bibliography attempts to provide a comprehensive listing of available literature on the teaching of probability and statistics. It expands and updates an earlier work by Misra, Sahai, Gore, and Garrett (1987).
2 To locate relevant material for inclusion in the bibliography, we used a variety of publications, including annual series that index published material in the field, proceedings of conferences and workshops, and journals.
3 The following annual series that index the field of statistics and quantitative areas including those in substantive fields were consulted for relevant items:
4 Contents from the following proceedings of conferences and workshops have been included in their entirety:
5 The following journals were scanned in their entirety during the period 1987-1994:
In addition, the following journals were scanned systematically for relevant items during the period 1987-1994:
Other journals, both statistical and non-statistical, were scanned on a selective basis for relevant items during the period 1987-1994.
6 The following guidelines and criteria for inclusion were followed in the compilation of this work.
(i) The bibliography confines itself to only those works specifically concerned with the teaching of probability and statistics. Publications on teaching and learning mathematics in general are not covered. Some restricted material on mathematics teaching and curriculum that may have implications for teaching of probability and statistics is included in a haphazard or unsystematic way.
(ii) Teaching probability and statistics is interpreted in a broad sense. Thus, the bibliography includes not only works about teaching and learning statistics in general, but also articles dealing with expository material, technical notes, and examples appropriate for use in a probability and a statistics class either as direct or indirect resource material or to supplement and enrich the presentation of standard textbooks. This category includes new and novel proofs or methods of presentation of known or unknown results or theorems in probability and statistics (e.g., proving that \bar{x} and S² are independent, an elementary proof of Scheffe's multiple comparison procedure, calculating \pi using Monte Carlo simulation, Pascal's triangle and simple random sampling); any expository presentation and bibliographic material of pedagogical interest on any standard or related topic in probability and statistics (e.g., an overview of meta-analysis, an introduction to theory of errors, an overview of R² as a measure of goodness of fit); and other works of a related nature.
(iii) Book reviews are generally not included except in cases where certain reviews were published as an article or paper.
(iv) Textbooks are generally not included. There are literally thousands of textbooks, and there did not seem to be a practical way to include one and exclude another. However, pertinent articles extracted from anthologies, edited books, yearbooks, conference proceedings, and so forth are included. A list of special books, anthologies, and edited books devoted entirely to aspects of teaching probability, statistics, and statistical consulting is provided as Appendix A.
(v) The coverage of journals varies from one journal to another. Among statistical journals the coverage is fairly complete for those journals which are regularly scanned in their entirety by the Current Index to Statistics. Relevant items from this publication were located using keywords such as teaching, learning, curriculum, training, consulting and other synonyms.
(vi) Among mathematical journals, the coverage is relatively complete for the following journals which were searched for relevant items during the period 1987-1994: American Mathematical Monthly, College Mathematics Journal, Mathematics Teacher, School Science and Mathematics, and UMPA Journal.
(vii) Among nonstatistical journals, the coverage is relatively complete for those journals regularly scanned by the Annual Series listed in Section 1. However, this coverage is highly selective in nature and only those entries dealing with the teaching of probability and statistics in general are included. For journals not regularly scanned by aforementioned annual indexes, the coverage is inconsistent and unsystematic and only those items which came to our attention by random browsing of selected issues of a wide variety of journals such as International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, Teaching Economics, Teaching Mathematics and Its Applications, Teaching Psychology, Teaching Sociology, and so forth are included. The nature of this selection was further restricted and biased by our own specific interests in particular substantive fields and availability of journals in our libraries. In particular, the coverage favors biomedical and health sciences journals because of the strong biostatistical orientation of one of the compilers, who as a correspondent editor to the Current Index to Statistics regularly searched publications in these fields.
(viii) Among nonstatistical journals from substantive fields, references dealing with issues pertinent to a particular discipline and the use and misuse of statistics in specific disciplines, which are of special interest in teaching statistics in substantive fields, are generally not included. For such items, the reader is referred to specialized bibliographies in the following fields: dental education (Sahai, Misra, and Lopez 1989; Khurshid and Sahai 1996); nursing and allied health education (Sahai and Khurshid 1992); biological, medical, and health sciences (Sahai, Misra, and Toro 1990; Khurshid and Sahai 1993); and business, economics, and management sciences (Gandhi, Sahai, and Acevedo 1991).
(ix) Papers presented at professional meetings and conferences, but not available in the form of published proceedings, are included and are listed in Appendix B.
(x) The bibliography contains a miscellaneous set of articles previously overlooked, but brought to our attention by the readers of the first bibliography. Others came to our attention fortuitously and in our opinion merited inclusion. We chose to include any item that was sent to us, trusting the contributor's judgment as to relevance.
(xi) Finally, as the title indicates, the work is intended to supplement the earlier bibliography and in no way duplicates the entries already in print. However, we provide updated references for entries that were previously listed only as presentations at meetings and conferences, but have subsequently been published in proceedings or journals.
7 The bibliography is presented in two parts. Part I contains references to publications appearing before 1987, and Part II includes items printed since 1987. The year 1987 is used as a point of division because of the publication date of the first bibliography, which included references before 1987. The format of the citations is the same as that used in the earlier bibliography. Entries are alphabetized according to the first author's last name. Multiple-authored papers are listed under the first-named author only. For each author, the items of which he/she is the sole author are listed first, ordered by year. These are followed by the dual-authored items, and then the multiple-authored items, of which he/she is the senior author. The sequence for books is: Author(s) name(s), year of publication, title of book, name of publishing house, page number (if applicable). The language of the articles, if known to be other than English, is indicated after the title of the article. In order to save space, abbreviations for journals, periodicals, proceedings, and other publications cited in the bibliography, similar to the ones employed by the Current Index to Statistics, have been introduced. A list of the abbreviations and complete names of the publications is given in Appendix C.
We thank the Editor and two anonymous referees for making a number of constructive comments and suggestions which have greatly improved the introduction, coverage, and organization of the bibliography. We are indebted to the Editors of the Journal of Statistics Education and Teaching Statistics for providing us a complete indexing of the articles published in their journals. We are also thankful to Dr. Anne S. Hawkins for providing us a collection of some of her own references which has greatly aided the task of compiling this bibliography.
For years up to and including 1987 (A-K)
For years up to and including 1987 (L-Z)
For 1988 through 1994 (A-K)
For 1988 through 1994 (L-Z)
Anderson, C. W. and Loynes, R. M. (1987). The Teaching of Practical Statistics. John Wiley and Sons, New York, U.S.A.
Andrews, D. M. and Herzberg, A. (1985). Data, A Collection of Problems from Many Fields for the Student and Research Workers. Springer-Verlag, New York, U.S.A.
Bancroft, T. A. and Huntsberger, D. V. (1961). Some Papers Concerning the Teaching of Statistics. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, U.S.A.
Barnett, V. (Ed.) (1982). Teaching Statistics in Schools Throughout the World. International Statistical Institute, Voorburg, The Netherlands.
Barnett, V. (1983). Statistical Education -- Ensenanza de la Estadistica. Vitoria, Bogierno Vas, Direccion de Estadistica, Spain. (Bilingual Edition; Translated and Edited by J. P. Vilaplana.)
Barnett, V. (1985). Advanced Level Studies; Statistics, Statistical Background. Center for Statistical Education, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K.
Baron, J. S. and Worsdale, G. J. (1980). Assignments in Quantitative Methods. Polytech Publications, Cheshire, U.K.
Bibby, J. (1986). History of Teaching Statistics. John Bibby, London, U.K.
Boen, J. R. and Zahn, D. A. (1982). The Human Side of Statistical Consulting. Lifetime Learning Publications, Belmont, California, U.S.A.
Breny, H. (Ed.) (1976). The Teaching of Statistics in Schools. International Statistical Institute, Voorburg, The Netherlands.
Burrill, G. (Ed.) (1991). Guidelines for the Teaching of Statistics. American Statistical Association, Alexandria, Virginia, U.S.A.
Burrill, G. (Ed.) (1994). From Home Runs to Housing Costs: Data Resource for Teaching of Statistics. Dale Seymour Publications, Palo Alto, California, U.S.A.
Croasdale, R. (Ed.) (1985). Student Projects in Statistics: Proceedings of an ASLIP Conference. Association of Statistical Lecturers in Polytechnics, Cheshire, U.K.
Davies, N. (Ed.) (1993). Teaching and Using Statistics. Royal Statistical Society, London, U.K.
Friel, S. N., Russell, S. J. and Mokros, J. R. (1990). Used Numbers, Statistics -- Middles, Means, and in Between. Dale Seymour Publications, Palo Alto, California, U.S.A.
Gal, I. and Garfield, J. (1997). The Assessment Challenge in Statistics. International Statistical Institute, Voorburg, The Netherlands.
Graham, A. (1994). Teach Yourself Statistics. Hodder and Soughton, London, U.K.
Green, D. R. (1982). Probability Concepts in 11-16 Year Old Pupils, Second Edition. Department of Mathematical Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, U.K.
Green, D. R. (Ed.) (1993). Teaching Statistics at Its Best. Teaching Statistics Trust, Sheffield, U.K.
Hand, D. J. and Everitt, B. (Eds.) (1987). The Statistical Consultant in Action. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
Hand, D. J., Daly, F., Lunn, A. D., McConway, K. J. and Ostrowski, E. (Eds.) (1994). A Handbook of Small Data Sets. Chapman and Hall, London, U.K.
Hawkins, A. (Ed.) (1990). Training Teachers to Teach Statistics. International Statistical Institute, Voorburg, The Netherlands.
Hawkins, A., Jolliffe, F. and Glickman, L. (1992). Teaching Statistical Concepts. Longman, London, U.K.
Holmes, P. (1980). Teaching Statistics 11-16. Foulsham Educational, Slough, U.K.
Howard, K. and Sharp, J. A. (1983). The Management of a Student Research Project. Gower Press, Aldershot, U.K.
Konold, C. (1990). ChancePlus, A Computer Based Curriculum for Probability and Statistics. University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Moore, D. S. and Hoaglin, D. (Eds.) (1992). Perspectives on Contemporary Statistics. Mathematical Association of America, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
Noggle, J. H. (1993). Practical Curve Fitting and Data Analysis, Software and Self-instruction for Scientists and Engineers. Horwood, U.K.
Räde, L. (Ed.) (1970). Teaching of Probability and Statistics. Almquist, Stockholm, Sweden.
Räde, L. and Speed, T. (Eds.) (1985). Teaching of Statistics in the Computer Age. Chartwell-Bratt Ltd., Kent, U.K.
Rustagi, J. S. and Wolfe, D. A. (Eds.) (1982). Teaching of Statistics and Statistical Consulting. Academic Press, New York, U.S.A.
Rutgers University Center for Mathematics, Science and Computer Education (1989). A Rationale for Teaching Probability and Statistics in Primary and Secondary Schools. Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, U.S.A.
Shulte, A. and Smart, J. R. (Ed.) (1981). Teaching Statistics and Probability. National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, Reston, Virginia, U.S.A.
Watkins, A. and Landwehr, J. M. (1986). Exploring Data. Dale Seymour Publications, Palo Alto, California, U.S.A.
Watkins, A. and Landwehr, J. M. (1987). Exploring Surveys and Information from Samples. Dale Seymour, Palo Alto, California, U.S.A.
Watkins, A., Albers, D. J., Loftsgaarden, D. and Rung, D. (1992). Statistical Abstract of Undergraduate Programs in the Mathematical Sciences and Computer Science, The 1990-1991 CBMS Survey. Conference Board of the Mathematical Sciences, Washington, D. C., U.S.A.
Aleong, J. and Haugh, L. G. (1992). "Total Quality Management: A New Course for the Statistics Curriculum," Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Backaitis, N. T. and Hillmer, S. C. (1992). "Implementing Quality Improvement in Secondary School Education," Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Bhattacharyya, R. K. (1990). "Teaching Probability and Statistics in the First Degree Level Mathematics Major: A Review," Paper Presented at the Third International Conference on Teaching Statistics (ICOTS), University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
Bowen, J. V. (1992). "Results of Visualization Testing in Introductory Statistics Course," Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Bowerman, B. L. and O'Connell, R. T. (1992). "An MBA Course in Statistical Methods for Process Improvement," Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Bryce, G. R. (1992). "Data Driven Experiences Using Student Collected Data," Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Carriere, G. R. and Mackay, R. J. (1992). "An Industry/Academia Partnership for Improving Statistical Thinking," Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Edgeman, R. L. (1991). "Quality Improvement and Statistical Reasoning: A Business School Implementation," Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A.
Finkelstein, D. M. (1992). "Teaching Statistical Consultation with Medical Collaborators," Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Fisher, E. (1992). "Computer Laboratory Assignments in a Mathematical Statistics Course," Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Flashoff, J. D. (1992). "What Sample Size Do I Need?," Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Fuller, M. (1980). "Problems of Learning Statistics," Unpublished Paper Presented at Conference on Teaching Statistics Using Practicals, Sheffield City Polytechnic, Sheffield, U.K.
Gal, I., Rothschild, K., and Wagner, D. A. (1990). "Statistical Concepts and Statistical Heuristics in School Children: Convergence or Divergence?," Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Goldsmith, C. A. (1992). "Teaching Critical Appraisal Principles," Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Greenspan, P. and Fisch, G. S. (1992). "Visual Inspection of Data: A Behavioral Analysis," Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Habibullah, S. N. (1990 a). "Proposal for a Comprehensive Four-Year Program of Study in Statistics at the Undergraduate Level in Pakistan," Paper Presented at the National Seminar on Statistics for Development, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Habibullah, S. N. (1990 b). "Survey Work to Enhance Understanding of Statistics in BA/BSc Students," Paper Presented at the Second Islamic Countries Conference on Statistical Sciences (ICCSSIT), University Technology Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
Habibullah, S. N. (1991). "Statistical Competitions: Encouraging Students to Link Theory with Reality," Paper Submitted for Publication in the Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on the Teaching of Mathematical Modeling and Applications (ICTMA), Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands.
Habibullah, S. N. (1992). "Efforts to Promote Project-Based Teaching of Introductory Statistics in the City of Lahore," Paper Presented at the Seventh International Congress on Mathematical Education (ICME), Laval University, Quebec, Canada.
Hamzeh, A. (1992). "Teaching Statistics by Objectives," Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Hildebrand, D. K. (1991). "Making Statistics More Effective in School of Business: Improving Statistics Textbooks," Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A.
Hu, I. (1992). "Continual Quality Improvement in Statistical Consulting," Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Husein, A. and Slotnick, H. B. (1992). "A Note on Teaching Experimental Design and Linear Models," Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Joram, E. (1990). "What Makes a Weighted Mean Problem Difficult?," Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Kader, G. (1992). "Implementing the NCTM Standards in Probability and Statistics in Grades 9-12," Paper Presented in a Session on Project STAT-LINC, Winter Meeting of the American Statistical Association, Louisville, Kentucky, U.S.A.
Kader, G. and Perry, M. (1992). "STAT-LINC and STAT-MAPS: Teacher Education and Curriculum Design," Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Kane, V. E. (1991). "The Role Statistics Can Play in Competitive Management," Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A.
Kim, C. (1992). "Teaching Hypothesis Testing: p-Value or Standard Approach?," Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Lachenbruch, P. A. (1992). "Bringing Computers to Class," Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Lind, R. B. (1992). "Data, Concepts, and Communication in a Math Stat Course," Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Marquardt, D. W. (1991). "Achieving Importance of Statisticians in the Changing Structure of Industry," Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A.
McKenzie, J. D., Jr. (1991). "Some Additional Ways to Increase Class Participation in a Statistics Course," Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A.
McKenzie, J. D., Jr. (1992). "The Use of Projects in Applied Statistics Courses; Why Aren't Computers Used in Our Courses?," Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Monsell, B. C. (1991). "Computer Software for Time Series Modeling and Seasonal Adjustment," Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A.
Rajia, A. (1991). "Histogram Implementation," Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A.
Robertson, P. K., Gates, N., Ross, R. Currie, D., and Webb, N. L. (1992). "Improving High School Calculus Education in a Local School System," Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Russell, S. J., Goldsmith, L., Weinberg, E. and Mokros, J. R. (1990). "What's Typical? Teacher's Descriptions of Data," Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Schwertman, N. C. and Dion, L. R. (1992). "Quadratic Confidence Intervals," Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Shobe, K. and Davis, G. (1992). "Problems With Applying Statistics to Business Process," Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Siegel, A. F. (1991). "Emerging Statistical Technologies in Finance," Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A.
Slotnick, H. B. (1992). "Why Good Statistical Teaching Works," Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Stimpson, V. (1992). "Middle School Teachers Knowledge and Beliefs about Proportions," Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San-Francisco, California, U.S.A.
Stroup, W. W. (1992). "Mixed Model Theory in Statistical Consulting and Teaching Design of Experiments," Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Sylwester, D. and Mee, R. W. (1992). "Students Projects: An Important Element in the Beginning Course," Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Tiao, G. C. (1991). "PhD Programs in Business Statistics," Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A.
Vopava, J. R. and Johanson, R. P. (1991). "Co-operative Learning in a Pre-Calculus Statistics Course," Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A.
Wasserstein, R. L. (1991). "An Undergraduate Statistics Class Meets Real Data," Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A.
Watson, J. M. (1992). "What Research is Needed in Probability and Statistics Education in Australia in the 1990s?," Paper Presented at the Annual Conference of the Mathematics Education Research Group of Australasia, Sydney, Australia.
Zahn, D. A. (1991). "Improving the Quality of the Delivery of Introductory Business Statistics Courses," Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A.
Zahn, D. A. (1992). "Students Projects in a Large Lecture Introductory Business Statistics Course," Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Gandhi, B. V. R., Sahai, H., and Acevedo, N. (1991), "Teaching of Statistics in Business, Economics, and Management Sciences: Some Comments and a Selected Bibliography," The Statistician, 40, 30-39.
Khurshid, A., and Sahai, H. (1993), "A Second Bibliography on the Teaching of Statistics in Biological, Medical, and Health Sciences," Statistica Applicata: Italian Journal of Applied Statistics, 5, 309-397.
Khurshid, A., and Sahai, H. (1996), "Statistics in the Dental Research and Dental Journals: A Review and a Bibliography," Statistica Applicata: Italian Journal of Applied Statistics, 8, 787-809.
Misra, S. C., Sahai, H., Gore, A. P., and Garrett, J. K. (1987), "A Bibliography on the Teaching of Probability and Statistics," The American Statistician, 41, 284-310.
Sahai, H., and Khurshid, A. (1992), "Statistics in Nursing and Allied Health Education and Literature: Some Comments and Selected Bibliography," Computers in Nursing, 10, 130-136 (Part I), 200-206 (Part II).
Sahai, H., Misra, S. C., and Lopez, A. (1989), "Statistics in Dental Journals and Dental Education: Some Comments and a Bibliography," International Journal of Orthodontics, 27, 23-27.
Sahai, H., Misra, S. C., and Toro, C. (1990), "Teaching Statistics in Biological, Medical, and Health Sciences: Some Comments and a Selected Bibliography," Biometrical Journal, 32, 449-489.
Hardeo Sahai
Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology
Medical Sciences Campus
University of Puerto Rico
San Juan, PR 00936
U.S.A.
Anwer Khurshid
Department of Mathematical Statistics and Operational Research
University of Exeter
Exeter
EX4 4QE
U.K.
and
Department of Statistics
University of Karachi
Karachi
PC 75270
Pakistan
Satish Chandra Misra
Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology
U.S. Food and Drug Administration
8800 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, Maryland 20892
and
The American University
Washington, DC